By Sandberg by
Redefining Territory and State in Europe
Revamping the Traditional Concept of Nation-State
The text aims to redefine the concept of states and territories in Europe, questioning the traditional notion of the nation-state. This model, which perceives the nation and the state as indistinguishable entities, is cited as being inefficient in addressing the complexities of our current world.
Historical Contingency and Change of States and Borders
The narrative traces the historical influences which have shaped state borders over time and emphasize the emergence of new forms of territorial bounding. It underlines how significant factors, such as globalization, European integration, and economic alterations, had a significant role in these developments.
Social Solidarity, Identities, and Political Competition
The impact of these changes is deeply felt in domains like social solidarity, identities, and political competition as they have brought about a change in traditional forms. The perpetually shifting dynamics of territories in Europe have led to a rescaling process, displaying varied characteristics across different locales.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The text presents an insightful analysis of current territorial and state dynamics within Europe. It successfully breaks down complex ideas into a comprehensible narrative, conveying the exigency of a revised approach to understand the nation-state. However, it could further delve into the practical implications and real-world examples of these proposed concepts.
Research Questions:
- Can the revised nation-state concept be readily applied to other regions outside Europe? What are its limitations?
- How have changes in borders and territories impacted local cultures and regional identities throughout Europe?
Unfolding EU's External Border Control
Externalization and EU's Border Control
The progression of border control by the European Union, particularly its outward-facing component in relation to African nations and migrants, is anchored on international negotiations, external governance, and extraterritoriality—components of a concept identified as externalization. Such facets of externalization are presented through concrete illustrations within the content.
Defining the Dynamics of Borderscapes
Emphasis is also made on the comprehension of the term borderscapes, a mechanism for deciphering various facets of knowledge, methodologies, and technologies that EU’s border controls consist of. Furthermore, there's a conversation about how border control remaps geographical zones based on the mobility of the people within them, engaging heavily in both geopolitical and biopolitical dimensions.
Understanding Border Controls and Displacement
It's revealed that border controls not only spring from situations of displacement and coerced migration, but also potentially stimulate these instances. Consequently, the aspect of externalization largely contributes to migration control in third-party nations.
EU’s Externalization and Transnational Flows
Characteristics of the European borderscape extend to include political power, technology-linked practices, and the production of knowledge. They are dynamic rather than static, with EU's externalization drawing significantly from transnational flows, including funds, equipment, personnel, and competences.
Collapse of Borderscapes and Private Security
As part of the observed phenomena, there's a highlighted role of border-induced displacement resulting from exogenous border control. This involves cases of further displacement experienced by dislocated individuals due to measures of border control. Furthermore, some borderscape contracts have recognized the privatization of border control via the commissioning of these activities to non-governmental protection firms.
Geopolitics and the Biopolitical Angle
From a geopolitical standpoint, externalization redefines spaces of non-EU countries following European preferences. In an alternative perspective, biopolitical evaluations can illuminate the exclusionary tendencies exhibited by externalized border control.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
This study of the development of EU's external border control gives an engaging insight into the factors of borderscape and displacement, and showcases the impact of geopolitics and biopolitics in the EU's migration policy. However, the discussion could have incorporated more perspectives from the African countries themselves, who are impacted by these policies but whose viewpoints are seemingly absent.
Research Questions:
- How have EU's migration control policies impacted African nations both politically and socially?
- How has the implementation of EU's border control measures influenced European geopolitics, especially regarding relations with African countries?
Unraveling Regional Identity in a Borderlands Area
Understanding Regions and Regional Identity
When discussing regions, politics and social sciences often mesh with an ambiguity that leaves the term 'region' without a clear definition. This lack of clarity becomes especially noticeable when one studies border areas. The Danish-German border region, for instance, has witnessed an array of regional concepts throughout its history.
What Defines A Region?
For many, regions are geographical, historical, ecological, ethnic, or even economic demarcations. They’re not merely physical territories but embody shared memories, customs, and livelihood patterns that contribute to a specific identity. To cement this identity, a structured process of regional institutionalization becomes essential.
Peculiarities of Cross-border Regions
Cross-border regions bring additional complexities. They're not rigid structures but flexible entities that lean heavily on various funding schemes for their definition. The end goal of these regions, however, remains to create a feeling of belonging - something shared by all regional concepts.
Home Sweet Home, at a Regional Level
The Danish-German border region’s history shows that 'Heimat' or the sentiment of 'home' helps foster the sense of regional identity. It also shows how regions can alternate between nationalization and regionalization, hinting at the dynamic interplay between regional and national identities.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The employment of a multi-disciplinary approach to understand regional identities is pragmatic and enlightening. The text offers a detailed examination of regions, their complexities, and their identities by focusing on the Danish-German border region as a case study. However, it is worth noting that while the term 'region' lacks a concrete definition, its understanding is fundamental to politics, economic schemes, and social sciences. The exploration of how 'Heimat' helps to cement these identities and how regional identities can coexist alongside national ones is particularly noteworthy.
Research Questions:
- How do the economic and political dimensions influence the creation and strengthening of cross-border regional identities?
- Given the fluidity and the ambiguity around the definition of 'regions,' can a universal parameter for defining regions ever be established?
Unfolding the Complexities of Border Studies
Disentangling Border Studies
Studying borders can sometimes be as complex as the borders itself, with various scholars employing different ways and means to perceive and understand them. Yet in this mosaic of perspectives, certain unifying topics persist, such as the role of borders as conduits and blockers - the bridges and barriers - of movement and interaction; the intricate ties of territory with identity; and the continued significance of borders in modern Europe despite talks of global unity.
A Study Built on History and Policy
A relentless pursuit of understanding the complexity of borders calls for subscribing to historical reflexivity, that is, looking at the history and traces that formed and shaped these borders. And given how much these geopolitical lines can impact policies, it's safe to say that an anthropology of borders plays a crucial part in the study of European policy.
Valuing Ethnographic Research
Ethnographic research shows its weight in gold when it's about studying borders. By peering into the day-to-day lives of border residents, it brings forth a wealth of valuable insights and revelations, a critical component of what would otherwise be a purely theoretical approach.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The presented exploration urges scholars to dig deep into the socio-cultural milieu of borders, considering not only the static elements like geographical territory, but also the fluid like mobility and policy-making. The idea of leaning into historical reflexivity implies the need for a long-view lens that takes account of historical processes in border formation and evolution. The emphasis on ethnographic research brings into play a similar wider lens, but with a crucial humanizing aspect. The text underscores the idea that to understand borders and their implications thoroughly, one needs to explore the experiences of those who inhabit those spaces.
Research Questions:
- What happens to the local identity and cultural fabric when borders are manipulated for political motivations?
- How do changes in border policies indirectly influence social structures and practices in border regions?
The Lives of Ants: Smugglers on the Polish-Ukrainian Border
The 'Ants' of Medyka
The Ants are the focus of this exploration, who, significantly, are cotton-picking cigarette smugglers making their way across the Polish-Ukrainian border. In the border town of Medyka, they have become somewhat iconic figures. Using cunning strategies and exploiting legal gaps, this collection of individuals scrape by on the income they secure from smuggling cheap cigarettes from Ukraine into Poland.
Business Amidst Economic Downturn
The collapse of the factories, particularly following the border's opening up in 1989, shaped the condition of many in the region. The ordinary workplace was replaced by the dangerous but potentially lucrative business of smuggling, as many had no other options left to make ends meet. This lifestyle also sprung from a specific loophole in the Polish customs law, which legally allows individuals to bring in one carton of cigarettes for their own personal use.
A Life Lived on the Border
The presence of the border gravely affects the local community, seemingly shaping most aspects of their lives, right from their language and economic activities to their rituals and power relations. The associated challenges and unique experiences have invoked a range of metaphorical depictions from these 'Ants', including but not limited to the border as a bazaar, a war front, or even a prison.
Resistance Amid Repression
Dealing with the power of the customs officers in their own unique ways, the Ants have forged methods of resistance against the establishment. This manifests in acts such as fostering derogatory nicknames for the officers and partaking in covert activities. This resistance is an integral aspect of their life, reflective of their ingenuity and resilience.
Isolation and Discrimination
The changes in customs regulations and the restrictions they pose inflict a sense of violation and discrimination on the Ants. They perceive these changes as a haunting flashback to the times of the Iron Curtain and feel ostracised from the rest of Poland. Many even go on to brand their own region as the nation's most peripheral and ill-fated part.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The Ants' unique socio-economic ecosystem crafted around the Polish-Ukrainian border and their struggle to survive amidst legal complexities beautifully illustrate the acute impact of geopolitical issues on common individuals' lives. Though they managed to withstand the hardships, the Ants' resistance has often been harshly met by powerful authority figures, reflecting the universal struggle of many to maintain a sustainable livelihood in the face of stern regulations and external pressures.
Research Questions:
• What are the long-term implications of the Ants' unconventional livelihood on the socio-economic fabric of the border communities?
• How can the authorities address these commonplace smuggling activities without causing severe impoverishment or violation of locals' rights?
Petty Trade and Border Perspectives in Eastern Poland
Quirks of Border Trade
In the Eastern regions of Poland, a unique phenomenon exists: small-scale cross-border trading - often consisting of goods like alcohol, fuel, and particularly, cigarettes. Such activity has been necessitated due to price differences between Poland and its adjacent nations.
Insights into Mościska's Border Economy
In Mościska, people have their distinctive roles in this borderline economy. Women, typically around the age of 50, work in farms and have earned the nickname 'Ants'. Men, usually around the age of 40, sporadically engage in cigarette smuggling.
Tales from the Border
Border administration and international agreements language emphasize stability and robustness of the borders. This is further enforced by the ZOMO (motorized reserves of the Citizens' Militia) maintaining public order. Fieldwork in these regions has its own challenges, with an outsider often arousingly suspicion and termed as an 'informer' or 'spy'.
Characteristic Lingo
Interestingly, popular cigarette brand names adapted diminutives like 'Elem', 'Bond', and 'Malborek'. Furthermore, the people of Podkarpacie have a distinct ambivalence towards 'upper' and central Poland, often expressing feelings of being lesser.
Irony of Border Surveillance
The notion of the Panopticon, constant surveillance and control, is particularly applicable to the border situation, as illustrated by the infamous tale of Stupid Kazio who mischievously presented excrement to a customs officer.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The document provides an intriguing insight into the eastern regions of Poland, where small-scale cross-border trade thrives. The societal norms and lingo are influenced by this economy, creating a distinct culture. This research could further delve into the psychological impacts on these communities. The story of Stupid Kazio perfectly illustrates the absurdity that often accompanies strict regulations.
Research Questions:
- How does the cross-border trade influence the socio-economic structure of regions like Mościska?
- What potential measures could be implemented to regulate this unique economy without causing significant disruption to the community's livelihood?
Understanding the Complexities of Border Practices
Decoding 'Modes of Ordering'
The idea explored in this text is 'modes of ordering', a concept applied to understand border practices specifically on the German-Polish border. By focusing on how the border is handled and conducted, it opens new doors in understanding how contrasting entities function. The 'modes of ordering' that are present in various forms such as enterprises, administration and allocation and how they co-exist and interplay, gives a unique viewpoint on border practices.
The Practical Illustrations
Through real-life examples, the analysis dives deeper into this concept. Witness the versatile work of the German-Polish Joint Coordination Committee (JCC), the impressive activities of a youth coordinator and experience the indifference of the youth towards cross-border activities. These scenarios provide a comprehensive scenario that helps to understand the theory better.
An Existence of Tension
The outcomes is the creation of a 'living-in-tension' situation. Here, varying entities are simultaneously very much present but in a unique relation. This peculiar condition unravels at the German-Polish border, hence highlighting the co-existing contrasts.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
Though the text presents a fascinating exploration of 'modes of ordering' as applied to border practices, it falls short at offering effective solutions to the 'living-in-tension' state. The provided real-time examples, while helpful, could be widened to include more diverse scenarios for a more extensive understanding. However, the text achieves to bring forward an obscure aspect of inter-border relations through the lens of 'modes of ordering', enabling readers to engage in exciting discussions of social complexities.
Research Questions:
- How can the 'modes of ordering' concept be applied to predict or influence future border practices?
- Can the theory of 'modes of ordering' be beneficial to other social scenarios, beyond borders of countries?
Unveiling Border Politics: Slovenia and Croatia
Unearthing the Border Complexity
The realm of geopolitics showcases nations through the lens of borders. Delving deep into the Slovenian-Croatian border, it becomes evident that these seemingly immovable lines called borders have a deeper impact than just static demarcations on a map. These divisions intercept daily routines and interactions within their jurisdictions on the Istrian peninsula.
Dynamic Facets of Borders
Rather than being restrictive boundary lines, these borders shape the multiple dimensions of a society. Geopolitics, various discourses in politics and public arenas, narratives of history have their roots intertwined with these borders. Moreover, quotidian practices are regulated by them as well.
Conflicts and Collaborations at the Border
Interestingly, borders not only clash and divide a region but also can hold the potential to unite the people. These divisions foster a regional identity, encouraging cross-border association and teamwork.
Border Impact on Tourism: A Double-Edged Sword
One of the areas where the border leaves its mark is tourism. The border checkpoints, often accompanied by long queues, becomes a sight that tourists cannot miss.
Border Disputes: The Predicament of Fishermen
The never-ending border disputes like the one over access to international waters between Slovenia and Croatia can cause unforeseen difficulties to the locals, for example, its impact on the fishermen residing in the region.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
This exploration of border politics proves enlightening, particularly in examining the intersection of geopolitical construction and daily life. By highlighting the paradox of borders bringing both division and unity, this study challenges traditional understandings of territorial demarcations. It stirs the thought-process, emphasizing the necessity to study regulation practices and the common experiences encountered by the residents to understand the underlying politics.
Research Questions:
Unraveling the Mysteries of Cross-Border Cooperation
Unveiling The Boundary Objects
The text throws light on the intriguing notion of boundary objects within the framework of cross-border collaboration. Instead of seeing international boundaries as mere segments separating territories, the author posits that they are dynamic areas where various linguistic, cultural, and institutional aspects intermingle. Hence, understanding these sophisticated interactions can be aided by embracing the concept of boundary objects.
Key Role of Boundary objects
Boundary objects play an integral part in the realm of community interactions. They could be tangible or conceptual components that serve as instigators of communication and teamwork among communities with distinct modes of operation. Some of the instances of boundary objects in the sphere of cross-border collaboration encompass databases, diagrams, standardized forms, and territorial representations.
Multiplicity of international boundaries
The text accentuates that international boundaries aren't homogenous and bear various meanings across diverse social settings. This flexibility upholds the key role played by physical objects and artifacts in cross-border cooperation. Thus, casting light on how boundary objects assist in understanding the role of international boundaries in such cooperations.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The text provides a refreshing view of understanding and approaching the complexities of international politics and cross-border cooperation. The emphasis on boundary objects as a means of connection unearths the integral nuances of international relationships. Yet, the applicability of this concept across different cultures could have been elaborated upon. Nonetheless, it seeds an intriguing concept worth further exploration and study.
Research Questions:
- How effectively can the notion of 'boundary objects' be applied across varying cultural contexts in cross-border cooperation?
- What could be other potential boundary objects that can facilitate communication and collaboration?
Youth Perceptions of Polish-Ukrainian Border
Youth on the Move
This analysis unravels the viewpoint of young individuals journeying across the Polish-Ukrainian border with educational pursuits. The study not only explores the rationale behind their mobility but also delves into how they perceive the border.
Unearthed Research Gap
While the Polish-German border has seen a lot of international academic attention, the Polish-Ukrainian border remains largely untouched by global research. This is despite the latter's historical sensitivity and geographic strategic bearings.
Scholastic Shifts and Shaping Perceptions
This dynamic reveals an unbalanced educational exchange, with Ukrainian students vividly favoring Poland over their Polish counterparts choosing Ukraine. The study finds perceptions are somewhat defined by their experiences at border checkpoints, often involving narratives of waiting, discomfort and uncertainty.
Schengen Border: A Dichotomy of Exclusion and Inclusion
The Schengen Border is perceived by the youth as a filter, letting in those who contribute wealth while excluding those perceived as burdensome. This analysis utilized comprehensive in-depth interviews with the youth, analyzed through narrative analysis methods to construct shared experiences and understandings.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
This study is pivotal as it shines a light on a relatively overlooked, yet historically and geopolitically important border sphere. The researchers' approach successfully draws out rich, personal narratives that paint a clear picture of the youth's perceptions and experiences. While the imbalance in educational mobility between Polish and Ukrainian students is notable, further research may be beneficial to delve deeper into the contributing factors and potential long-term implications.
Research Questions:
- Can border experiences play a part in shaping national identity and world-view among migrating youth?
- What factors contribute to Polish and Ukrainian students' apparent school preferences and how does this affect the host nation's socio-economic fabric?
Cross-Border Residential Mobility in Europe
Transnational Homeownership in Europe
Cross-border residential mobility (CBRM) is a growing trend among European border areas. Essentially, it's when individuals purchase a house in a neighboring country, moving their place of residence whilst still maintaining strong ties with their homeland. This interesting practice is borne out of the unique conditions set by the Schengen Agreement, which has nurtured increased mobility and eased cross-border interactions.
From Netherlands-Germany to Italian-Slovenian Borders
Intriguingly, this phenomenon isn’t limited to one or two areas. It’s quite widespread across Europe, seen in various border settings including Netherlands-Germany, Germany-France, Denmark-Sweden, and Slovakia-Hungary. What makes it even more fascinating is the diverse factors that drive these CBRM flows, most common of which are the real estate prices and the cost of living differences between these bordering areas.
Rapid Growth in Italian-Slovenian CBRM
Take for example the Italian-Slovenian border area. Since Slovenia's entry into the EU in 2004, CBRM in this area has spiked at a rapid pace. This is no doubt a testament to the unique cultural, economic, and societal dynamics that the EU integration brings about.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
CBRM is a striking representation of global interconnectedness that has been boosted by EU integration and the Schengen Agreement. It largely reflects the social and economic disparities between neighboring nations, tap into individual's urge to improve their living conditions. Yet, the rapid influx of diversity also poses challenges in terms of societal integration, environmental impact, and language barriers, especially in areas like Italian-Slovenian border where the growth has been rapid. This necessitates a comprehensive approach to manage the effects of CBRM, balancing out the benefits with any potential negatives.
Research Questions:
- What are the long-term implications of CBRM on the socio-economic and cultural fabric of the destination and origin countries?
- How can the challenges posed by the rapid increase in cross-border mobility be effectively managed to ensure a harmonious coexistence within borderlands?
Decoding Euroregion Membership in Central Europe
Deciphering Membership Motives
Central European local governments opt for inclusion in Euroregions motivated by a spectrum of factors. It's not just a random choice, but a well-thought-out step influenced by historical socio-cultural and ethnic bonds, EU fund availability, cognitive distance, and administrative embedding among others. It showcases the intricate interplay of various dynamics steering the cross-border formal cooperation initiatives, binding regional administrative bodies in closer ties.
Komárom-Esztergom County: An Exemplary Case
Turning our lens towards Komárom-Esztergom County in Hungary, it makes for an interesting case study. Here, set factors such as the size of the settlement, its geographical distance from the border, and the historical minorities present played key roles. These variables wielded a significant influence over the county's decision of establishing bilateral partnerships with overseas local governments.
Trivial Influences on Euroregion Membership
It's interesting to note that certain assumed important factors did not surface as significant in the decision-making process. The local economy state, surrounding environment, finances of the local governments, and internal instrumental and normative hurdles, astonishingly, did not hold much sway in influencing the membership to Euroregions.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
While the text provides an insightful analysis of the factors influencing the membership of local governments in Euroregions, it is perhaps narrowly focused on too structured an approach. It might have delved more into the underlying political will and ambitions, interconnected regional challenges like migration and security, which possibly could play a role in such decisions. The text’s focus on measurable factors leaves unexplored the dense web of geopolitics and regional aspirations that potentially have non-negligible contributions.
Research Questions:
- How do geopolitical strategies and regional security concerns influence the decision of local governments in Central Europe of joining or not joining Euroregions?
- What role could symbiotic regional challenges like migration, climate change etc., play in shaping the inclination towards Euroregion membership in Central Europe?
Unraveling The Border Multiple
Scrutinizing Border Dimensions
This written piece unveils a thorough exploration into the complexities thereof of "The Border Multiple." Emerging as a central focus is the idea of border studies, an area of intriguing interest, drawing upon both anthropological scrutiny and analysis under the lens of European integration.
Diverse Themes Of Interest
Tackling a plethora of themes and topics, the text delves into Actor Network Theory, administration, and the Aeneas Programme to name a few. Others such as biopolitics, borderscapes, and borderwork are also addressed. Similarly, it assesses the impacts and implications of areas such as Catalonia, migration controls, and issues related to cross-border cooperation.
Case Studies Lending Depth
Adding depth and grounding the theories in reality, the material touches on Denmark's cross-border residential mobility—complete with the challenges posed by customs controls. It delves into the harsh realities of border-induced displacement in Libya. Further adding nuance, the text discusses the prevalence of smuggling activities at the Ukrainian-Polish border, notably detailing trader tourism and illegal trade.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The text efficiently weaves together a detailed map of the intricate world of border studies. Not only does it put forth a compelling case for the necessity of understanding border mechanics and dynamics, but it also critically provides case-specific examples. These provide valuable context, grounding the sometimes abstract theories in tangible realities. Nonetheless, the material could be improved with more practical solutions and actionable steps that readers could potentially deploy themselves.
Research Questions:
- What influence does the theory of biopolitics have on conceptualizing and navigating the complexities of borders?
- How does the case of the Ukrainian-Polish border’s smuggling activities highlight the need for cross-border cooperation?
Reshaping of European Borders
Transforming European Borders
The face of European borders has been undergoing irrevocable change due to globalization and the nation's progressive integration. The borders are not gradually fading away, but are instead being altered and reengineered. The elements that play into these changes are plenty. It is essential to examine the numerous aspects of border procedures and perceive the intricacies of these boundary processes.
Enacting Borders in Everyday Life
Fundamentally, borders are not pre-determined - they are the outcome of specific practices that define them. These practices are enacted in our day-to-day lives and understanding them is crucial for interpreting the convoluted nature of European borders. Furthermore, cross-border collaboration showcases a unique set of challenges and lucrative opportunities in the backdrop of the evolving European scape.
Redefining Mobility with Schengen
The Schengen agreement marks a significant milestone in the newfound mobility across borders within the Schengen region. It's a stepping stone towards the intelligent selection of individuals deemed eligible for entry while excluding those that do not meet the requirements.
Security and Integration Impacts
Consequently, this heightened focus on security by the EU has led to stringent control over territorial borders in response to increased crime rates and shifting immigration patterns. Additionally, the status of European borders in Central-Eastern Europe has been heightened due to European integration - another aftermath of being the new external borders of Europe.
Strengthening International Relations
The European Union's Neighbourhood Policy enhances cooperation between non-EU members. This is accomplished by expanding the internal market and establishing a dominant trading relationship. Contextually, the European Union identifies more as a gated community that filters intelligent rather than a closure.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The shift in the nature of European borders is intriguing when observed from the lens of globalization and EU integration. The narrative shines a light on how this transformation is not a mere dissolution of borders, but a complex reshaping process. Notably, the Schengen agreement and the European Union's Neighbourhood Policy have played significant roles in this evolution, leading to an increased mobility and strengthened international relations, while also wrestling complex issues related to immigration and security.
Research Questions:
- How have policies like the Schengen agreement and the European Union's Neighbourhood Policy directly impacted the socioeconomic dynamics within the EU?
- Given the evolving nature of European borders, what are the potential challenges and opportunities ahead from the point of view of EU's internal security as well as international relations?
Interrogating Borders Through Art
Unveiling Beuys' Influence
The text brings to light how famed artist Joseph Beuys's perspective on art has left a lasting impression on the study of borders. Notably, Beuys employed a highly unique artistic technique, creatively integrating elements such as wounds and dividers into his compositions. Beuys articulated his conviction that art contains an immense potential to nourish life's stagnating structures, further aligning artistry with healing.
Reflecting Beuys Legacy
The Border Multiple, a compilation of insightful accounts on the ever-evolving European borderlands, mirrors Beuys's indelible impact in its exploration. The book succinctly captures the friction that arises from border practices' oscillation between a stiff formality and untamed energies.
Re-envisioning Border Studies
Further, the passage addresses the critical call for a revolutionary comparative approach in the realm of European border studies. It underlines the significance of viewing borders not as isolated entities but within a broader, transnationally relational, global dynamic.
Our Analysis & Commentary:
The text weaves a compelling narrative that outlines the need for a shift in border studies in Europe. It urges investigators to incorporate a holistic global approach, highlighting the importance of considering transnational dynamics. The influence of Joseph Beuys lends weight to this narrative by framing the investigative shift as an artistic reimagination similar to Beuys's own work. It subtly argues not just for the inclusion of such comparative studies, but also for the inclusion of artistic perspectives in academic discussions of global dynamics.
Research Questions: